Neurological Diseases and Disorders of Dogs

The following are real life cases of Neurological diseases and disorders of dogs treated by Dr. Mike Richards, DVM.

Diagnosing a Neurological Problem
Auditory Triggered Spasms
Treating Spinal cord problem
Head injury in Cairn Terrier
Severe Head trauma
Head trauma treatment in dogs
Muscular dystrophy in Dogs
Cerebellar abiotrophy and nystagmus
Head tilt
Stroke in a Dog
Hydrocephalus
Neurologic injury
Inflammatory Brain disease
Neurological Problems - Rapid Progression
Encephalitis in Corgi
Sudden disorientation in blind dog
Dog has Difficulty walking on awakening
Pug Encephalitis

Diagnosing a Neurological Problem

Question:

This behavior is not usually present when he is in motion. Usually the problem occurs when he is standing still. He will seem to sort of flinch and then sort of have the movement go through his body - I don't know how else to describe it. If he is eating or drinking (I have raised his dishes) and this happens he will fall over. It seems that he sort of staggers when this happens. If he was standing still and it happens when he has begun to walk or run he will also stagger and bump into things. When he runs his gait is straight. I was told he is just getting old and is losing muscle control. I am concerned that he may have a brain problem. He does have some spinal (possibly disc) problems from running, jumping all over the place which he would still do now if I let him. He can run in my yard which is a couple of fenced flat acres but he tends to stay close to me now. When we are out he is always on a leash/halter. He is fine when we go for our walks and always wants to go faster than I do. I won't be doing any surgery unless it is something minor or an injury as I don't want to do it to him at his age. I just wondered if anything glaring came to mind so I could understand better.

Answer:

I think that your instinct that this is a neurologic problem is probably correct. Brain tumors are not highly unusual in dogs and other neurological disorders can also occur. Another consideration would be hypoglycemia. This can cause transient loss of consciousness and signs that look like neurologic signs (seizures, muscle tremors) in some dogs. Checking the blood sugar levels several times will usually allow this problem to be diagnosed or ruled out. Liver disease sometimes causes this sort of behavior, as well. So it might be a good idea to check a serum chemistry panel the first time that blood sugar is evaluated since a panel would have both tests. High blood pressure can sometimes cause similar signs, too. These are the things that I can think of that might cause the signs that you are seeing. I think that it is worth looking into some of these problems, since there are treatments available for several of them.

For more information, visit our page on the various Neurological Diseases in Dogs

 

Auditory Triggered Spasms

Question:

I have an elderly (16-year-old) sheltie mix breed, spayed female. She is almost totally deaf, but has some hearing in the upper registers (she can hear whistles). Certain noises seem to cause brief spasms (crumpling paper, clapping, snapping fingers). At first my veterinarian thought it might be a simple "surprise" response to having heard something, but the spasms often continue if the noise continues (repeated rapid clapping will cause repeated rapid spasms). The spasms also occur now if she's outside in heavy rain, and seem to be triggered by large raindrops falling on her. The spasms are sometimes strong enough to knock her over. They have been increasing in intensity and frequency, but she's had them for about the last five or six years. She also has occasional head tremors which seem to be somewhat stress related -- they're triggered by the air conditioner blowing on her in the car or often when she's in a new situation. Basically, I'm wondering if there is any information about auditory-triggered spasms, and if there is some sort of medication that she might benefit from. I'll list her medical history in case that will help: About 4 years ago she was seen at Purdue for unexplained fevers, treated with Baytrill and recovered; this past fall she was bitten by (possibly) a brown recluse on the underside of her jaw and has recovered. Those are the only two serious illnesses she's had in the 16 years. She has cataracts and is now very vision impaired. Thank you for any help you can give me. 

Answer:

I have some information at this time but have been unable to confirm whether there is any indication that any of these disorders actually occur in dogs. There are two possible explanations that I can find for the behavior you are observing. The first is an overreaction to the acoustic startle reflex. Everyone has a threshold at which they will startle from a loud noise but some people startle much easier or have unusual startle reflexes. In people this is supposed to be associated frequently with schizophrenia. I have had some patients who I truly thought exhibited behavior consistent with my very limited understanding of what schizophrenia is, but I have not seen anything confirming this condition really exists in dogs. There is a human disorder, tardive dyskinesia, in which there are alterations in the facial reflexes that might resemble what you are seeing. This occurs in people due to the effects of medications for other pyschological disorders but it seems to be due to a reduction in dopamine in the brain. I know that you probably haven't been using medications for years, so this wouldn't be the same problem exactly, but selegiline (Anipryl Rx), which is approved for use in cognitive dysfunction in dogs, is a dopamine sparing agent and might be helpful if there is a similar neurotransmitter problem caused by something other than drug use.

Other possible medications for this condition would be clomipramine (Clomicalm Rx) and fluoxetine (Prozac Rx)because they are selective seritonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and low levels of seritonin are also supposed to play a role in this condition. There would be a small chance that this is some variation of canine cognitive disorder, although that condition usually involves behaviora lchanges such as loss of housebreaking, forgetting meal times, standing at the wrong side of the door --- things that show a decrease in cognitiveability. The other possible explanation that seems possible is a seizure disorder, which could be associated with a problem in the brain, especially something like a brain tumor. If this is the case, it might be helpful to use seizure control medications. My guess is that this would be considered to be a focal seizure disorder, which means that there might be more choices in medication that for generalized seizures. In general, though, I think that phenobarbital is still the most commonly recommended starting medication. If it is helpful there may be no need to look for other medications but if it is not, there would be other possibilities for focal seizures, including gabapentin (Neurotin (Rx)) and felbamate (Felbatol Rx).Tremors are usually an entirely different problem and the causes of tremors seem to be more of a mystery. There is a clinical condition most commonly referred to as "old dog tremors" that occurs but not for a known reason, unless there is something new that I haven't heard about this condition. Some tremors occur as a secondary problem in neurologic disease or metabolic disease that affects the nervous system secondarily.

It can be helpful if an underlying condition can be identified. It is not uncommon to try corticosteroids in the hope that tremors are occurring secondary to immunologic disturbances affecting the nervous system but we have not had much luck with this approach. We have tried selegiline in a couple of tremoring older patients without luck, yet, either. I have not tried the SSRIs yet but I know that some vets are currently trying these medications. There is a chance that you are seeing an odd pain response, too. We have seen this sort of sensitivity in a couple of patients with painful neurologic conditions. Puppies with hydrocephalus seem to react badly to sounds sometimes and we have seen jerking motions in a couple of dogs with cervical disc disease or agenesis of the dens when there were sounds or when they were approached suddenly. I think even slight motion sometimes causes pain. Usually there were signs of severe pain, at times, in these patients, though. The possibility of a pain response is just something to think about so that a pain response isn't missed.

I hope that some of this information is helpful. I'm sorry that I can't find more information on the possibility of disorders such as schizophrenia in dogs. It seems logical that dogs might have a problem with this sort of disorder but I guess that we are really hampered by our poor communication skills when it comes to our pets. It is just hard to evaluate for illnesses like this without being able to talk to our patients.

To go more in-depth on this topic, check out An Introduction to Dog Hearing

 

Treating Spinal cord problem

Question:

My Pomeranian was diagnosed as either having a herniated disc or arthritis of the lower spine. She was on prednisone but was taken off prednisone due to fear of the possible formation of gastric ulcer. We are to put her on buffered aspirin in an effort to help ease the pain/discomfort. My understanding is that the prednisone could help her gain some strength in her hind legs (she sometimes falls on her butt when she has to squat to pee or poo). Will aspirin or some less invasive drug, do about the same thing i.e., allow them to squat? By the way, what is the difference between buffered and regular aspirin? 

Answer:

It is my personal opinion that corticosteroids rarely help much after the first few days in spinal cord injuries. If it seems necessary to use corticosteroids we tend to use them for one to three days and then switch to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications. I think that pain control, when it can be achieved, allows the pet to use the limbs and back, making the areas stronger. Buffered aspirin is regular aspirin that has added ingredients meant to decrease the acidity of the aspirin. The usual ingredients that are added are magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate or magnesium-aluminum hydroxide. There is a web site on aspirin http://www.healthgate.com/choice/med-emerg/dih_f/chapter/mono/mg009000.shtml which lists the milligrams of each of these additives.

Learn more with our page on Dog Spinal Injury Treatment

 

Head injury in Cairn Terrier

Question:

My 14 year old Cairn Terrier was injured 1 week ago in an accident involving a horse. Her head was kicked below the left ear. Immediate response was a coma and termination of breathing. A few minutes later with artificial respiration, she was revived and rushed to an emergency clinic where she was diagnosed with a crushed ribcage and labored breathing and advice given to put her to sleep. Needless to say, I rushed her to another vet who upon x-rays found no internal injuries, and administered steroids to calm the shock and help reduce her labored breathing. She was also put on pain killers and oxygen. After she was stabilized (still very comatose at this point), she was taken to the Raleigh, NC University Vet Hospital. A Cat scan was not risked, due to having to put her under for the test. They did not administer any additional drugs, but kept her under surveillance for two days at which time she began eating on her own and was able to come home. A week later, she still acts unbalanced and her head is cocked to one side. Vision on right side is unresponsive to menacing gestures. She eats nocturnally, which is new to her. She pants almost all the time, which makes me wonder if she is in pain. What can I be doing to help her recovery? Would small doses of aspirin be helpful? I still feel a large lump on her head and her neck is still swollen. In the last two days, I have also noticed new bruising appearing along her underside, which I am not sure is related...but it concerns me too.

Answer:

The area that was damaged may cause problems with the facial nerve and that might be causing the lack of a menace reflex. Sometimes the nerve is just compressed by swelling in the area and will function again after a few day and other times it is damaged by the traumatic event and function willnot return. It is also possible to have partial return of function and many pets will do well if they get partial function. The lack of balance and head tilt may be due to inner ear damage or due to a brain injury. In either case, there is a chance of recovery as the injuries heal. We have had several dogs who did not recover from head tilts but went on to learn to function very well despite the constant head tilt. I can't remember a dog that didn't learn to correct the balance problems, or recover from them, so I am hoping that will be the case for your dog, too. I don't know what to say about the aspirin. I think that I would probably avoid it in this case, just incase there is continued hemorrhage into the damaged area. Panting may occur due to pain or it might be a side effect of medications used in the initial treatment, since it is really common to use corticosteroids to treat the initial swelling in trauma and these medications can cause panting which might last for several days, depending on which corticosteroids were used (if any). I think it is best to assume that pain is the cause and to treat for it, since we can't ask. Your vet can help with pain relief. It is best to ask your vet to check out changes such as the new bruising, just in case these are due to a drug reaction or an unrecognized injury. It can be hard to find every injury in trauma cases on the initial examinations so it is best to have things like this rechecked. Good luck with this. You have done a good job initially and then in the decision making under pressure at your first vet visit. I hope that the good work has resulted in a good outcome.

Click here for a general overview of Dog Head Injury Treatment

 

Severe Head trauma

Question:

This is a bit of a reversal question, regarding the feasibility of applying a human medical technique to dogs. We have a son who had a Traumatic Brain Injury, TBI, and has a high recovery, in large part due to aggressive management of his Inter(intra?) Cranial Pressure by Medical College of Virginia. He went on to get his bachelor's, and then an MS in Rehabilitation Counseling.One of his dogs is a Therapy Dog, and works in hospitals. This Christmas our entire family (five children, spouses, three grandchildren, etc.) was with us for a few days. Our88-lb Husky-x-Shepherd Cross, a 2 year old neutered male, is very friendly with their dogs at their house, usually. However, he attacked their 5 to10 pound neutered female geriatric dog, engulfing her head in one bite. He bit hard enough to break the skin, but apparently not hard enough to penetrate the skull. To cut the story short, in spite of immediate veterinary attention, she had seizures, and is now hemi-plegic, & will probably have to be put down. Due to the experiences with head trauma in our family, we inquired if any of the procedures that were used on him could be applied to the dog, specifically referring to monitoring ICP, IC drains to relieve pressure, hyper-oxidation, etc. Our vet did not know of any veterinary practices in the major metropolitan area that were using them, and her own four vet. practice did not have the knowledge or equipment. Some veterinarian needs to look into this. I'm sure that the procedures that saved our son's brain were developed on dogs at some point, and could save a lot of other dogs even if it is too late for Annie. The drains, the ICP pressure gauge, and the hyper-oxygenation are not really expensive compared with a lot of other useful veterinary/medical tools.

Answer:

There are some practices equipped to treat head trauma using some, or all, of the methods outlined in your note. There has been at least one article in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association advocating the use of intracranial pressure measurement and surgical treatment to lower intracranial pressure. Truthfully, this has not really caught on in veterinary medicine, probably more due to the necessary aftercare during recovery from severe head injuries than due to the immediate difficulty or expense. There are several large veterinary emergency centers at which decompression surgeries are becoming more and more common. When advanced imaging techniques, like CT scans and MRI scans become reasonably priced enough that big EVCs can afford them, it is likely that this sort of surgery will become even more common. Hyperbaric oxygenation is still controversial in veterinary medicine because it appears to increase survival but not to decrease the disability induced by the injuries to the brain originally, which in veterinary medicine is usually considered to be an unacceptable outcome since continuous patient care during the recovery and rehabilitation period from the injuries is not usually available. We are able to do more and more for our patients but we are still limited by economics and practicality when dealing with injuries that will require long term skilled care. Often, the initial expense, or the initial expertise in a procedure is not really the limiting factor. In veterinary medicine, the cost or inconvenience of longer time care is often where limitations arise and these sometimes make good emergency choices bad long term choices. More and more, though, pet owners are willing to put the time, money and effort into this sort of care so it is likely we will see more and more use of procedures like those you ask about.

Also see, The 4 Main Causes of Dog Trauma

 

Head trauma treatment in dogs

Question:

There are some practices equipped to treat head trauma using some, orall, of the methods outlined in your note. There has been at least one article in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association advocating the use of intracranial pressure measurement and surgical treatment to lower intracranial pressure. Thanks for the prompt and thoughtful reply. Guess I'll have to poke around some more on the net, & with friendly vets, before I convince myself that canine ICP monitoring and reducing is not cost effective when used appropriately.

Answer:

The big thing to remember in making this evaluation is the aftercare - if there is a dedicated owner and a continuous care facility working with them, this could easily be considered to be cost effective. If either of these factors are missing, then cost effectiveness really isn't the issue, the problem becomes maintenance of the short term gain afforded by the decompression techniques --- if there is no physical and rehabilitative therapy for the patient, does it make sense to help them reach the point where that would benefit them? This is an issue that is a really good example of the major problem with veterinary medicine, the lack of societal support for really intensive health care efforts in situations like recovery from brain injuries, or spinal cord injuries. We can often help immensely in the short term but that falls way short of providing a good path back to full recovery. I don't mean to question whether it would be good if there were more places that offered this sort of care. That was the one of the major reasons that Michal and I established the VetInfo web site. We knew that a lot of veterinary patients were not getting the best care possible because veterinarians and veterinary clients did not always know that really advanced care was possible for their pet's condition. I am absolutely certain that a neurologic injury rehabilitation center could make it in veterinary medicine but there might only be room for one or two in the country right now. As time goes on and people expect even better care for pets, you probably will turn out to be an visionary in this field --- one of the early voices pointing out that it was possible to help pets with neurologic damage. I am pretty sure more vets would be willing to invest in the equipment for the short term care if they knew there was a place to send pets for the long term care afterwards.

Go deeper by checking out our page on Identifying and Treating Dog Brain Injuries

 

Muscular dystrophy in Dogs

Question:

During the past 10 weeks we have been working with our Vet., Dr. Jonathan Smith, investigating a weakness in the rear legs/hips of our 11 month oldCBR...x-rays of Roscoe's hips showed no abnormalities..further x-rays of his legs suggested "physitis at insertion of tibia crest"...a second set of x-rays taken 6 weeks after the initial set showed no improvement (weekly cartophen injections were administered plus Omega 25 and metacam caps were given daily)...As agreed to by Jonathan I took Roscoe to a very respected Holistic Vet, Dr. Marlene Smith, to review both sets of x-rays and further assessment...the report from our first visit with Marlene included the possibility of M.D., yesterday we visited her for a second time (two weeks since the first visit)...long a short is that we are focusing on M.D. as the issue and just how to proceed. I found an article in the internet by Dr. Bruce Smith of Auburn...www.vetmed.auburn.edu/srrc/ARMD.html listing traits that are simply to similar to Roscoe's to ignore. Jonathan and I are discussing biopsy or EMG (can't say I know what EMG is other that a more comprehensive test of the muscles) as the next step...Have you heard of M.D. in CBR's? Any thoughts or ideas?

Answer:

An EMG is an electromyelogram. This is a test that helps determine if the muscles respond properly to electrical stimulation, as would occur when stimulated by the nervous system. This type of testing helps determine if the problem is a muscular problem or a neurologic one and can help to pinpoint specific problems in some cases. Muscle biopsies are necessary to definitively identify muscular dystrophy. It would be worth contacting Auburn at one of the email addresses listed on the site you sent the link for. They may be interested in doing some research on Chesapeake Bay retrievers, too. Dr. Shelton's lab in California would probably also be able to do the biopsies if Auburn didn't pan out. I have only seen reports of muscular dystrophy in golden retrievers, Labrador retrievers and Belgian Groenendaeler shepherds, as an inherited disorder. There are scattered reports in other breeds, though. I think it is just less clear why it occurs in individuals in those breeds. I would recommend considering a visit to a veterinary neurologist or internal medicine specialist familiar with doing EMGs. If the biopsy samples are taken from trouble spots identified through EMG (if that is possible to do) it would help to ensure a better possibility of making a diagnosis. Hope this helps some. If you need Dr. Shelton's lab's address I have it at the office and I think it is online somewhere on our site, too.

Read more about Muscular Dystrophy in Dogs

 

Cerebellar abiotrophy and nystagmus

Question:

I have a dog with Cerebellar Abiotrophy (CA).Recently, I have been in touch with two wonderful doctors (a geneticist and a neurologist) who have answered many of my questions, but I feel awkward asking for another explanation since they have already given me so much of their time. One question asked of these doctors concerned nystagmus. In abstracts I've read it states that nystagmus is present in CA and I wondered why my dog did not have it. I don't fully understand the answer I was given and I am hoping you'll be able to explain it to me. I asked the question: At what age is Nystagmus usually present in dogs with CA? Does this always occur at some point in CA.?The answer provided was: Affected dogs don't usually have a resting nystagmus, but one can be induced with movement. Could you please explain this answer and elaborate, if possible? I wonder if my dog has normal vision now and to what extent nystagmus affects him. That, and what method would be used to induce the nystagmus and why.I appreciate your time, and also your web site. I find it very informative and helpful.

Answer:

I do not recall seeing a case of cerebellar abiotrophy but this is my impression of the disease based on searching through my textbooks for information. Cerebellar abiotrophy is a progressive disease that affects the cerebellum. Dogs with this condition are supposed to be pretty normal at birth and then to develop signs associated with a decrease in cerebellar function overtime. This is thought to happen due to a metabolic deficiency in the Purkinje's cells in the cerebellum according to the "Handbook of Small Animal Practice, 3rd Ed.". Signs usually associated with this are incoordination when walking, exaggerated movements and tremors when a dog attempts to move (intention tremors). These signs occur despite normal muscular development and function. Resting nystagmus is not commonly seen with this condition based on the textbooks. Resting nystagmus is rhythmic movement of the eyes, usually horizontally but sometimes vertically or even in rotational motion. There is usually a slow drift in one direction and then a rapid correction in the opposite direction. Resting nystagmus occurs when the dog is in a normal position and is continuously present, at least for some time. Positional nystagmus is the name for rhythmic motion of the eyes that occurs when the dog is held in a position that it might not normally stay in, usually on its back. Often, positional nystagmus will occur in a vertical direction (up and down). Nystagmus occurs because the balance system isn't working properly. The inner ear mechanism determines the body's orientation in space. It then sends this information to the cerebellum, where processing of the information occurs. If the inner ear is sending inappropriate signals, the condition is referred to as peripheral vestibular disease. If the cerebellum isn't processing the information properly, the condition is referred to a central vestibular disease. Nystagmus is usually, but not always, present at rest in peripheral vestibular disease. Nystagmus tends to occur only when the dog is held in an on its back or in another "unusual" position in central vestibular disease. So my impression is that resting nystagmus would not be expected incerebellar abiotrophy but that positional nystagmus would be expected. If you place your dog on his back and this induces nystagmus, that would bean example of positional nystagmus. Even in dogs and cats born with congenital nystagmus, the effect on vision appears to be something the dog or cat can compensate for and function normally. This is not a disorder of the eyes themselves but rather the vestibular system, which they are only one part of. I hope this helps. If the explanation isn't clear or just brings up more questions, feel free to write again.

 

Head tilt

Question:

I noticed my dog, Simba, his head tilting to left side about six weeks ago. I took him to my local vet and he could not find any thing wrong with it. But I noticed a lot of brown gunk in his left hear. So I took him back. The vet decided to put him on anbiotic and cortesone, but the condition has not improved. He now decided to refer my dog to a neurosurgeon for investigation. Prior to that he had hear infection which was treated with anbiotic ointment.He seems to be very bright, active, perfect balance, except when he looks at you with his tilting to left side, has good appetite, no limping.

Answer:

There is a condition referred to as "peripheral vestibular syndrome" that seems to occur due to inflammation of the nerves between the inner ear and the cerebellum. It used to be called "geriatric vestibular syndrome" but then it was recognized in younger dogs on occasion and acquired the more general name. We have seen this condition at least once or twice in young dogs in our practice. Usually this clears up in a few days to a few weeks. So I hope it is what the neurologist is referring to.

Part 2

Question:

I took my dog the neurologist. He performed all the tests, and the outcome was that simba may have neuro pathway between his ear and the brain had been damaged. He had also tested aspirated fluid from his ear, the result was negative. This excludes the middle ear infection. Can you please tell me that would it be possible for a dog under 2 year old have that kind of conditions?

Answer:

Having your dog examined by the neurologist was probably the best thing for you to do. I am hoping that the visit turned out well. It is good that your vet is willing to refer cases to a specialist. It shows that your vet is willing to have his or her work reviewed by someone else and that he or she is willing to put the pet's needs first.

Find out some of the Causes of Dog Head Tilt

 

Stroke in a Dog

Question:

My 10 yr old Yorkie seems to have suffered a stroke. My Vet started her on prednisone. Several friends have asked why the Vet didn't start her on aspirin. Since my Vet is now on vacation, I can't ask him. Could you please tell me if you think aspirin is appropriate therapy? Why or why not?

Answer:

Strokes are very rare in dogs. They do occur but they are much more infrequent than humans. The condition most commonly confused with a stroke in dogs is peripheralvestibular syndrome. This condition causes a sudden loss of balance. The dog's eyes often have a rhythmic side to side or up and down motion known as nystagmus. The dog's head may tilt to one side. There are a number of other conditions that can also cause symptoms that might be confused with stroke, so it is important to keep communicating with your vet to ensure that he or she is aware of the progress of the problem. Due to the fact that strokes are a fairly infrequent condition in dogs there is not much information about how to treat them available in the veterinary literature. I don't know if aspirin is helpful after a stroke in dogs. Many veterinarians use prednisone early in the treatment of peripheralvestibular syndrome. I just tell people to wait the condition out. In almost all cases the dog will show improvement in 24 to 48 hours and the symptoms will resolve in a few days to three weeks. A few dogs have some residual signs with a minor head tilt probably being the most common permanent effect. There is a definite possibility that your vet is treating for another condition, so please do not discontinue the medication until you have a chance to talk to your vet. Good luck with this.

Learn more about Dog Stroke Symptoms

 

Hydrocephalus

Question:

We have just had a dx. Of hydrocephalus given for our 6 yr old female JRT, and I was wondering what sort of experience you have had with the treatment that has been prescribed. The Neurologist at the university has decided to try furosemide and prednisolone to see if they will have some effect on the excess fluid in the brain. I was wondering how successful this treatment is and if there would be any side effects that you have seen with them. So far we have seen (other than the expected frequent urination) panting, shaking(which looks like she is shivering) slight anxiety, and muscle spasms in the extremities much like people get when their potassium level shave been depleted. Would there be good reason to supplement her diet with electrolites to compensate for the fluid loss? We sure do love your site, and hope that it remains afloat!  

Answer:

The standard medical treatment for hydrocephalus is to use prednisone and furosemide to control the symptoms. Prednisone is thought to decrease the production of cerebrospinal fluid. If less fluid is produced there is less pressure on the brain when the fluid can not drain properly. It is usually possible to get to an every other day dosage which reduces the long term side effects associated with prednisone. It is also acceptable in some patients to use prednisone during crisis periods and to discontinue use between those times. Panting is not an unusual side effect when using corticosteroids. Muscle weakness can occur but I think I'd be more suspicious that it was associated with the hydrocephalus than with the administration of prednisone. Muscle tremors are occasionally reported by my clients in their pets on corticosteroids but infrequently enough that I am not sure if they are coincidental or aside effect. Behavioral changes are often noted by owners when pets are on corticosteroids so some change in attitude or behavior is not too surprising. Furosemide (Lasix Rx) is a diuretic. It works by decreasing the volume of fluid in extracellular spaces including the volume of cerebrospinal fluid. Diuretics do sometimes result in electrolyte imbalances. Potassium loss is a particular concern since it is more likely when furosemide and prednisoneare used together. In dogs it is fairly rare for a clinically important electrolyte imbalance to occur but monitoring potassium, sodium and calcium levels on a periodic basis is still a good idea. Supplementing electrolytes in general may not be that good an idea since sodium increases can lead to fluid retention. You might want to discuss potassium supplementation with your vet, though. I checked through the books I have at home and the online databases and there just isn't much more information on treatment of hydrocephalus. This is one of many diseases that have not been treated aggressively in the past but attitudes towards treating young pets with chronic life-threatening conditions is changing and I think more and more information will become available as owners such as yourself pursue treatment options.

See our comprehensive page on Hydrocephalus in Dogs

 

Neurologic injury

Question:

4-1/2 months ago my Rottweiller had eye surgery. When I went to pick him up the next day he was crippled and we had to lift him with a blanket wrapped around his stomach. Little by little he got to the point where he could at least walk and get up the 3 stairs to the deck to come in the house. Last week I took him for his heartworm check (to a different vet) and she said it's neurological and won't get better, only worse. I got another opinion with the same result. I know if was either from dropping him or an anesthetic overdose, but that's not the important issue now. Is there anything I can do for him? He's 6 years old and I love him to death. I took him for acupuncture last week and to an animal therapist yesterday for ultrasound treatment and massage therapy. She also uses an aqua treadmill for the atrophy. He runs like a rabbit with both hind legs together. I can live with that if he doesn't get worse. I'd really appreciate your opinion. Do you feel I'm wasting my time and money on these alternative treatments?

Answer:

I can't tell you if the alternative medicine treatments would be helpful. There just isn't enough information on most of the alternative treatments and specific injuries. Time alone is often helpful but four months is a long time after a neurologic injury and recovery will progress very slowly in most cases for neurologic signs that persist more than a few weeks. If you are near the veterinary school in Wisconsin or the veterinary school in Iowa, it may be helpful to get an opinion from a neurologist. Specialists see the difficult cases and sometimes can either help or give a more accurate prognosis if they can not help.

 

Inflammatory Brain disease 

Question:

I am at more peace with myself regarding the loss of Stumpy, as I have learned more about the prognosis of brain diseases through your email, and conversations with the University of Florida Small Animal Clinic and with my local Vet. Given the fact that Stumpy started showing signs of Central Vestibular Disease over the past two weeks of his life i.e., head tilting to one side, imbalance, falling over, rapid eye movement, walking in circles the Doctors at the University strongly suspect that he had either neoplasia or inflammatory brain disease. One such disease is very common in Yorkies (Hydrocephalus). He also stated that inflammatory diseases are more common than brain tumors and are even more common in Yorkies. The prognosis for rapid progression is very poor for both. Given Stumpy's CSF tap came back normal in February, our vet was leaning toward idiopathic epilepsy. It turns out that many of these brain diseases can hide from the CSF tap. Since Stumpy was responding to the Phenabarbital and showed no nuerological signs of Central Vestibular Disease up until early May, we thought he would be okay. Even up until the first week in May he was running around the yard, barking, etc. he was like a new dog, until he started showing signs of Central Vestibular Disease. By then, it was too late, as his problem was very rapid progression. I only wish we had more time to attempt to help Stumpy. However, from all I heard about this terrible disease, it does not appear that we would have been able to change the outcome. I am thankful that Stumpy did not have to go through any more pain and medication if the chances for complete recovery were so very low. I was also informed that he probably suffered some brain damage already from the severe seizures he had when this first started back in January. I know that the University has their own policy however, given the fact we had just put Stumpy through a month of testing at our Vet, we didn't want to have to immediately put him through any more testing since he had improved greatly at the time. The University also informed me that they lost 3 dogs over the past month due to the anesthesia required for the MRI. Since Stumpy had improved, we didn't want to take that chance at that time. They also mentioned that they all surgery is considered experimental and that in Stumpy's situation being that it was a progressive problem, the chances of even operating were very very low. Please feel free to post this on your Web page if you feel it will be helpful to other pet owners. Thank you again for taking the time to respond!

Answer:

We are very sorry for your loss and will gladly share your information with our other readers.

 

Neurologial problems - rapid progression

Question:

My 4 year old dalmatian, Emma, was a healthy dog until about 5 days ago. When we woke up in the morning, the dog had great difficulty getting up. After she got up, she appeared shakey and weak. I took her to the vet that afternoon, but with all the excitement of going there she had no symptoms when we arrived. The vet diagnosed intestinal problems, probably because I did not describe the symptoms well enough and he did not witness them. Of course the pills did not work and the condition got worse. Over the last few days, it has progressed to the point where most of what the dog does is lay around tremoring. It is extremely difficult for her to get up and her walking is poor. She also seems to have muscle spasms or seizures in the head/shoulder/neck region and cannot hold her head up normally. We went back to the vet two days ago and he diagnosed tetanus as a possibility and prescribed ampicillin. He also made a videotape to send to a canine neurologist here in Davis, CA. I am waiting for either the pills to work or to hear from the other vet and the dog only seems to be getting worse. The dog does not seem to be in great pain and just stopped eating yesterday. That has me worried. Are we doing the right thing? I appreciate any advice you have to offer. I like and trust my vet but I feel like we are receiving a 'shotgun' approach to the diagnoses. 

Answer:

Scott-If these problems persist I really think the best approach is to take your dog to the veterinary school at UCD since you live in Davis. There are several possible causes of the symptoms you describe. Polyradiculoneuritis, tick paralysis and botulism are the ones I think of right away. Tetanus does occur in dogs sometimes but is pretty rare. There are other possible problems like a diffuse neuropathy, weakness associated with metastatic cancer or possibly myasthenia gravis, although the progression of signs seems a little fast for that. One of the advantages of veterinary schools is that they have lots of specialists and can sometimes sort through these sorts of problems more quickly than a general practitioner. I hope things are getting better.

 

Encephalitis in Corgi

Question:

Our parents have a Welsh Corgi that the vet thinks has this disease. This was determined after blood and liver testing (Liver is clear and healthy, no sign of tumor on the brain). The dog had seizures, loss of bowel control, use of legs, etc. He is in very good health otherwise and is responding to medication. Is there any info on dogs getting this disease? 

Answer:

I can not find a reference to a special predilection to encephalitis in corgis but all dog breeds are susceptible to various forms of encephalitis. Canine distemper and rabies are viral forms of encephalitis. A few unfortunate dogs develop encephalitis as a reaction to distemper vaccination. Bacterial and fungal encephalitis can occur, protozoal infections can lead to encephalitis and it sometimes occurs for no apparent reason in conditions such as granulometous meningoencephalitis. Hopefully, seizure control has worked to resolve the clinical signs and none of the infectious diseases were present.

 

Sudden disorientation in blind dog

Question:

I have an 8 y/o neutered mini schnauzer that has a variety of health problems. He has been diagnosed with SARDS (he is totally blind)The situation that has arisen with him is that he has become totally disoriented within the last week. He has been blind since last Sept., and has gotten around quite well. Out of the blue, he started running into everything, and just doesn't seem to know where he is at all. If we call him, he will start out in the opposite direction from us. We have to constantly guide him and carry him to wherever he needs to be. He has now totally quit trying to get around. He was trying last week to navigate throughout the house, and was running into everything, and getting stuck in areas. Now he has just given up. What do you think could have caused this? Could it be neurological? Could he be losing his hearing?

Answer:

We recently had a similar problem with a client's dog that had been blind for a while and then suddenly started running into things. We were not able to determine a cause in that dog. Unfortunately, I have not been in contact with the owners to see if it improved, so I can't fill you in on what happened. I would worry about neurological disease, liver problems (leads to increase in blood ammonia levels and this can cause confusion or depression) and vestibular syndrome. It is very tough when a pet has multiple problems.

 

Dog has Difficulty walking on awakening 

Question:  

I have a four year old rottweiler who twice in the past 3 months has awakened in the morning walking real weird. His rear end is rounded and drags on the floor and his legs are sort of caught underneath him. It looks like walking is a struggle for him. The first time, he was leaking urine while walking, the second time he wasn't. Other than these 2 episodes, he has been fit as a fiddle. 

Answer:

Rottweilers are prone to a couple of degenerative spinal cord diseases but signs usually show up earlier than four years of age. Just in case, they are leukoencephalomyelopathy and neuroaxonal dystrophy. Leukoencephalomyelopathy usually occurs in 1 to 3 year old Rotts and is a moderately slowly progessing spinal cord and brain disorder that starts out with a decrease in proprioception (ability to correctly position the legs) and progresses to a gait abnormalities and weakness in all four limbs. Neuroaxonal dystrophy causes weakness or inability to use all four legs, nystagmus (abnormal eye movements) and tremors or other neurologic signs. It usually occurs in young Rottweilers ( 4 months to a year or so). The clinical signs may progress over several years once they start, though. Rottweilers are also prone to hip dysplasia and several orthopedic problems like osteochondrosis dissecans which may also lead to an abnormal gait and difficulty getting up in the morning. It is also possible that this is seizure activity and that the waking up process may be the entire length of the seizure (many seizures last for a few seconds only).Your vet can help sort through these possibilities and any others that may be apparent on clinical exam but not from the history of the problem alone.

 

Pug Encephalitis

Question:

My first pug died at age 4 of meningoencephalitis. I now have her litter-sister, age 6, (a blind black pug named Helen Keller) & I'm concerned that I might lose her to the same awful condition. What is the cause of this deadly inflammatory disease? Is it genetic? Recessive? None of the other litter-mates have had this problem (there were 5 in the litter). 

Answer:

I am assuming that your reference to meningioencephalitis is to granulometous meningoencephalitis (GME) or to Pug Encephalitis which is thought to be a related, chronic form of GME. As far as I know, pugs are the only breed affected and the problem is thought to follow family lines. Unless there is new research I couldn't find, the exact mechanism of inheritance does not appear to be known. It usually shows up by 4 years of age, though, so there is a very good chance Helen Keller won't get it. It sure sounds like that was a hard-luck litter, though. It is time they had a little luck.

For more information, check out our page on Pug Encephalitis